What are the taxes for a non-resident owner of a US LLC?

In general, the taxes for a non-resident owner in a U.S. LLC could vary in scope depending on several influences: how the LLC is considered, whether it's a pass-through entity or a corporation; the source of the LLC income; and if there are any applicable tax treaties between the United States and the home country of the non-resident. Below is an overview of the approximate tax obligations that may be levied against a non-resident owner of a U.S. LLC.

1. LLC Tax Classification

By default, an LLC is a pass-through entity for tax purposes, meaning the LLC itself does not pay federal income taxes; instead, profits or losses will pass through to owners, who report such income on their personal returns. A non-resident owner can have his or her LLC taxed in one of the following ways:

• Consequently, single-member LLCs are disregarded for IRS purposes, and the non-resident owner reports U.S.-sourced income on Form 1040-NR. 
• Multi-member LLC: By default, an LLC is taxed as a partnership, whereby the non-resident owner would report his or her share of U.S.-sourced income on Form 1040-NR.
• Electing Corporation Status: C-Corp or S-Corp An LLC electing to be treated as a C-Corporation for taxation pays corporate income tax, and the owner is only taxed on dividends. The shareholders of an S-Corporation cannot include a non-resident.

2. U.S. Federal Income Tax

• ECI - A non-resident owner of a U.S. LLC is liable for U.S. federal income taxation with respect to any item of income that is "effectively connected" with a trade or business in the United States. The latter would cover the profits derived from business operations conducted within the United States.
• ECI is taxed on a graduated scale similar to U.S. residents, with tax rates starting at 10% and topping at 37%, depending on the size of the income.
• Generally, this would not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation if the LLC has foreign-sourced income.
• Filing Requirements: The non-resident owners will be obligated to file Form 1040-NR, U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return, and report the U.S.-sourced income and remit the applicable taxes.

3. Withholding Taxes

• Dividend and Interest Payments: When an LLC is treated as a C-Corporation and pays dividends to a non-resident owner, the U.S imposes a 30% withholding tax on dividend payments. This rate could be reduced under an applicable tax treaty.
• Foreign Partners (if taxed as Partnership): If the LLC is to be taxed as a partnership, then the U.S. requires the LLC to withhold taxes on the non-resident owner's share of income. The withholding rate is generally 37% with respect to effectively connected income. The non-resident owner may then claim this withholding on the Form 1040-NR.

4. State Taxes

• Tax laws differ in every state so when the LLC has operations in any state with state income tax-for example, California or New York, a non-resident owner is supposed to pay state income tax. These state taxes have their different rates.
• Some states impose franchise tax or LLC fee. For example, California imposes at least a minimum of $ 800 annual franchise tax.

5. Self Employment Tax

Generally, no self-employment taxes are owed for U.S.-sourced income by a non-resident owner absent a U.S. residency or work permit.

However, certain non-residents who spend a significant amount of time within the U.S. or have services performed in the U.S. may be liable for self-employment taxes.

6. Tax Treaties

• Many countries have a tax treaty with the U.S. that could reduce or even exempt certain taxes applicable for non-resident owners, such as withholding taxes on dividends, interest, or royalties. Non-residents are encouraged to look at the tax treaty between their home country and the U.S. for eligibility in receiving a reduced tax rate.
• Benefits under the tax treaty are available and can be claimed by submitting Form W-8BEN to the LLC by certifying your eligibility for treaty benefits in question.

Summary of Tax Obligations:

• Federal income tax on U.S.-sourced income; the so-called effectively connected income.
• Withholding tax on dividends or interest, if applicable plus.
• State income taxes, if applicable.
• No self-employment tax, principally.
• Tax treaties may reduce tax liabilities for non-resident owners.

The bottom line is that, generally, the taxation of a non-resident owner of a U.S. LLC would be limited to its U.S.-sourced income. They are advised to consult with a tax professional experienced in international tax laws who can help them navigate not only U.S. but also home country tax laws and enable them to take advantage of any benefits from tax treaties.